Grammalecte  Diff

#!python3

"""
# FSA DICTIONARY BUILDER
#
# by Olivier R.
# License: MPL 2
#
# This tool encodes lexicon into an indexable binary dictionary 
# Input files MUST be encoded in UTF-8.

FSA DICTIONARY BUILDER

by Olivier R.
License: MPL 2

This tool encodes lexicon into an indexable binary dictionary
Input files MUST be encoded in UTF-8.
"""

import sys
import os
import collections
import json
import time
import re
import traceback

from . import str_transform as st
from .progressbar import ProgressBar



def readFile (spf):
    "generator: read file <spf> and return for each line a list of elements separated by a tabulation."
    print(" < Read lexicon: " + spf)
    if os.path.isfile(spf):
        with open(spf, "r", encoding="utf-8") as hSrc:
            for sLine in hSrc:
                sLine = sLine.strip()
                if sLine and not sLine.startswith("#"):
                    yield sLine.split("\t")

                    dTag[sTag] = nTag
                    lTag.append(sTag)
                    nTag += 1
                dTagOccur[sTag] = dTagOccur.get(sTag, 0) + 1
                aEntry.add((sFlex, dAff[sAff], dTag[sTag]))
        if not aEntry:
            raise ValueError("# Error. Empty lexicon")
        

        # Preparing DAWG
        print(" > Preparing list of words")
        print(" Filter: " + (sSelectFilterRegex or "[None]"))
        lVal = lChar + lAff + lTag
        lWord = [ [dChar[c] for c in sFlex] + [iAff+nChar] + [iTag+nChar+nAff]  for sFlex, iAff, iTag in aEntry ]
        aEntry = None
        

        # Dictionary of arc values occurrency, to sort arcs of each node
        dValOccur = dict( [ (dChar[c], dCharOccur[c])  for c in dChar ] \
                        + [ (dAff[aff]+nChar, dAffOccur[aff]) for aff in dAff ] \
                        + [ (dTag[tag]+nChar+nAff, dTagOccur[tag]) for tag in dTag ] )
        

        self.sFileName = src  if type(src) is str  else "[None]"
        self.sLangCode = sLangCode
        self.sLangName = sLangName
        self.sDicName = sDicName
        self.nEntry = len(lWord)
        self.aPreviousEntry = []
        DawgNode.resetNextId()

        self.nAff = nAff
        self.lArcVal = lVal
        self.nArcVal = len(lVal)
        self.nTag = self.nArcVal - self.nChar - nAff
        self.cStemming = cStemming
        if cStemming == "A":
            self.funcStemming = st.changeWordWithAffixCode
        elif cStemming == "S":    
        elif cStemming == "S":
            self.funcStemming = st.changeWordWithSuffixCode
        else:
            self.funcStemming = st.noStemming
        

        # build
        lWord.sort()
        oProgBar = ProgressBar(0, len(lWord))
        for aEntry in lWord:
            self.insert(aEntry)
            oProgBar.increment(1)
        oProgBar.done()
        self.finish()
        self.countNodes()
        self.countArcs()
        self.sortNodes()         # version 2 and 3 
        self.sortNodes()         # version 2 and 3
        self.sortNodeArcs(dValOccur)
        #self.sortNodeArcs2 (self.oRoot, "")
        self.displayInfo()

    # BUILD DAWG
    def insert (self, aEntry):
        "insert a new entry (insertion must be made in alphabetical order)."
        if aEntry < self.aPreviousEntry:
            sys.exit("# Error: Words must be inserted in alphabetical order.")
        

        # find common prefix between word and previous word
        nCommonPrefix = 0
        for i in range(min(len(aEntry), len(self.aPreviousEntry))):
            if aEntry[i] != self.aPreviousEntry[i]:
                break
            nCommonPrefix += 1

            oNode = self.lUncheckedNodes[-1][2]

        iChar = nCommonPrefix
        for c in aEntry[nCommonPrefix:]:
            oNextNode = DawgNode()
            oNode.arcs[c] = oNextNode
            self.lUncheckedNodes.append((oNode, c, oNextNode))
            if iChar == (len(aEntry) - 2): 
            if iChar == (len(aEntry) - 2):
                oNode.final = True
            iChar += 1
            oNode = oNextNode
        oNode.final = True
        self.aPreviousEntry = aEntry

    def finish (self):

                oNode.arcs[char] = self.lMinimizedNodes[oChildNode]
            else:
                # add the state to the minimized nodes.
                self.lMinimizedNodes[oChildNode] = oChildNode
            self.lUncheckedNodes.pop()

    def countNodes (self):
        "count the number of nodes of the whole word graph"
        self.nNode = len(self.lMinimizedNodes)

    def countArcs (self):
        "count the number of arcs in the whole word graph"
        self.nArc = 0
        for oNode in self.lMinimizedNodes:
            self.nArc += len(oNode.arcs)
    

    def sortNodeArcs (self, dValOccur):
        "sort arcs of each node according to <dValOccur>"
        print(" > Sort node arcs")
        self.oRoot.sortArcs(dValOccur)
        for oNode in self.lMinimizedNodes:
            oNode.sortArcs(dValOccur)
    

    def sortNodeArcs2 (self, oNode, cPrevious=""):
        "sort arcs of each node depending on the previous char"
        # recursive function
        dCharOccur = getCharOrderAfterChar(cPrevious)
        if dCharOccur:
            oNode.sortArcs2(dCharOccur, self.lArcVal)
        for nArcVal, oNextNode in oNode.arcs.items():
            self.sortNodeArcs2(oNextNode, self.lArcVal[nArcVal])

    def sortNodes (self):
        "sort nodes"
        print(" > Sort nodes")
        for oNode in self.oRoot.arcs.values():
            self._parseNodes(oNode)
    

    def _parseNodes (self, oNode):
        # Warning: recursive method
        if oNode.pos > 0:
            return
        oNode.setPos()
        self.lSortedNodes.append(oNode)
        for oNextNode in oNode.arcs.values():
             self._parseNodes(oNextNode)
        
            self._parseNodes(oNextNode)

    def lookup (self, sWord):
        "return True if <sWord> is within the word graph (debugging)"
        oNode = self.oRoot
        for c in sWord:
            if self.dChar.get(c, '') not in oNode.arcs:
                return False
            oNode = oNode.arcs[self.dChar[c]]
        return oNode.final

    def morph (self, sWord):
        "return a string of the morphologies of <sWord> (debugging)"
        oNode = self.oRoot
        for c in sWord:
            if self.dChar.get(c, '') not in oNode.arcs:
                return ''
            oNode = oNode.arcs[self.dChar[c]]
        if oNode.final:
            s = "* "
            for arc in oNode.arcs:
                if arc >= self.nChar:
                    s += " [" + self.funcStemming(sWord, self.lArcVal[arc])
                    oNode2 = oNode.arcs[arc]
                    for arc2 in oNode2.arcs:
                        s += " / " + self.lArcVal[arc2]
                    s += "]"
            return s
        return ''

    def displayInfo (self):
        "display informations about the word graph"
        print(" * {:<12} {:>16,}".format("Entries:", self.nEntry))
        print(" * {:<12} {:>16,}".format("Characters:", self.nChar))
        print(" * {:<12} {:>16,}".format("Affixes:", self.nAff))
        print(" * {:<12} {:>16,}".format("Tags:", self.nTag))
        print(" * {:<12} {:>16,}".format("Arc values:", self.nArcVal))
        print(" * {:<12} {:>16,}".format("Nodes:", self.nNode))
        print(" * {:<12} {:>16,}".format("Arcs:", self.nArc))
        print(" * {:<12} {:>16}".format("Stemming:", self.cStemming + "FX"))

    def getArcStats (self):
        "return a string with statistics about nodes and arcs"
        d = {}
        for oNode in self.lMinimizedNodes:
            n = len(oNode.arcs)
            d[n] = d.get(n, 0) + 1
        s = " * Nodes:\n"
        for n in d:
            s = s + " {:>9} nodes have {:>3} arcs\n".format(d[n], n)
        return s

    def writeInfo (self, sPathFile):
        "write informations in file <sPathFile>"
        print(" > Write informations")
        with open(sPathFile, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline="\n") as hDst:
            hDst.write(self.getArcStats())
            hDst.write("\n * Values:\n")
            for i, s in enumerate(self.lArcVal):
                hDst.write(" {:>6}. {}\n".format(i, s))
            hDst.close()

                    if 1 < (oNextNode.addr - self.lSortedNodes[i].addr) < self.nMaxOffset:
                        nSize -= nDiff
                if self.lSortedNodes[i].size != nSize:
                    self.lSortedNodes[i].size = nSize
                    bEnd = False

    def getBinaryAsJSON (self, nCompressionMethod=1, bBinaryDictAsHexString=True):
        "return a JSON string containing all necessary data of the dictionary (compressed as a binary string)"
        self._calculateBinary(nCompressionMethod)
        byDic = b""
        if nCompressionMethod == 1:
            byDic = self.oRoot.convToBytes1(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress)
            for oNode in self.lMinimizedNodes:
                byDic += oNode.convToBytes1(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress)
        elif nCompressionMethod == 2:

            # Mozilla’s JS parser don’t like file bigger than 4 Mb!
            # So, if necessary, we use an hexadecimal string, that we will convert later in Firefox’s extension.
            # https://github.com/mozilla/addons-linter/issues/1361
            "sByDic": byDic.hex()  if bBinaryDictAsHexString  else [ e  for e in byDic ]
        }

    def writeAsJSObject (self, spfDst, nCompressionMethod, bInJSModule=False, bBinaryDictAsHexString=True):
        "write a file (JSON or JS module) with all the necessary data"
        if not spfDst.endswith(".json"):
            spfDst += "."+str(nCompressionMethod)+".json"
        with open(spfDst, "w", encoding="utf-8", newline="\n") as hDst:
            if bInJSModule:
                hDst.write('// JavaScript\n// Generated data (do not edit)\n\n"use strict";\n\nconst dictionary = ')
            hDst.write( json.dumps(self.getBinaryAsJSON(nCompressionMethod, bBinaryDictAsHexString), ensure_ascii=False) )
            if bInJSModule:
                hDst.write(";\n\nexports.dictionary = dictionary;\n")

    def writeBinary (self, sPathFile, nCompressionMethod, bDebug=False):
        """
        Save as a binary file.

        Format of the binary indexable dictionary:
        Each section is separated with 4 bytes of \0
        

        - Section Header:
            /grammalecte-fsa/[compression method]
                * compression method is an ASCII string
        

        - Section Informations:
            /[lang code]
            /[lang name]
            /[dictionary name]
            /[date creation]
            /[number of chars]
            /[number of bytes for each arc]
            /[number of bytes for each address node]
            /[number of entries]
            /[number of nodes]
            /[number of arcs]
            /[number of affixes]
                * each field is a ASCII string
            /[stemming code]
                * "S" means stems are generated by /suffix_code/,
                  "A" means they are generated by /affix_code/
                  See defineSuffixCode() and defineAffixCode() for details.
                  "N" means no stemming
        

        - Section Values:
                * a list of strings encoded in binary from utf-8, each value separated with a tabulation
        

        - Section Word Graph (nodes / arcs)
                * A list of nodes which are a list of arcs with an address of the next node.
                  See DawgNode.convToBytes() for details.
        """
        self._calculateBinary(nCompressionMethod)
        if not sPathFile.endswith(".bdic"):
            sPathFile += "."+str(nCompressionMethod)+".bdic"

        return time.strftime("%Y.%m.%d, %H:%M")

    def _writeNodes (self, sPathFile, nCompressionMethod):
        "for debugging only"
        print(" > Write nodes")
        with open(sPathFile+".nodes."+str(nCompressionMethod)+".txt", 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline="\n") as hDst:
            if nCompressionMethod == 1:
                hDst.write(self.oRoot.getTxtRepr1(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                hDst.write(self.oRoot.getTxtRepr1(self.nBytesArc, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                #hDst.write( ''.join( [ "%02X " %  z  for z in self.oRoot.convToBytes1(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress) ] ).strip() )
                for oNode in self.lMinimizedNodes:
                    hDst.write(oNode.getTxtRepr1(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                    hDst.write(oNode.getTxtRepr1(self.nBytesArc, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
            if nCompressionMethod == 2:
                hDst.write(self.oRoot.getTxtRepr2(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                hDst.write(self.oRoot.getTxtRepr2(self.nBytesArc, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                for oNode in self.lSortedNodes:
                    hDst.write(oNode.getTxtRepr2(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                    hDst.write(oNode.getTxtRepr2(self.nBytesArc, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
            if nCompressionMethod == 3:
                hDst.write(self.oRoot.getTxtRepr3(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress, self.nBytesOffset, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                hDst.write(self.oRoot.getTxtRepr3(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesOffset, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                #hDst.write( ''.join( [ "%02X " %  z  for z in self.oRoot.convToBytes3(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress, self.nBytesOffset) ] ).strip() )
                for oNode in self.lSortedNodes:
                    hDst.write(oNode.getTxtRepr3(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesNodeAddress, self.nBytesOffset, self.lArcVal)+"\n")
                    hDst.write(oNode.getTxtRepr3(self.nBytesArc, self.nBytesOffset, self.lArcVal)+"\n")



class DawgNode:
    """Node of the word graph"""

    NextId = 0
    NextPos = 1 # (version 2)
    

    def __init__ (self):
        self.i = DawgNode.NextId
        DawgNode.NextId += 1
        self.final = False
        self.arcs = {}          # key: arc value; value: a node
        self.addr = 0           # address in the binary dictionary
        self.pos = 0            # position in the binary dictionary (version 2)
        self.size = 0           # size of node in bytes (version 3)

    @classmethod
    def resetNextId (cls):
        "set NextId to 0 "
        cls.NextId = 0

    def setPos (self): # version 2
        "define a position for node (version 2)"
        self.pos = DawgNode.NextPos
        DawgNode.NextPos += 1

    def __str__ (self):
        # Caution! this function is used for hashing and comparison!
        sFinalChar = "1"  if self.final  else "0";
        sFinalChar = "1"  if self.final  else "0"
        l = [sFinalChar]
        for (key, node) in self.arcs.items():
            l.append(str(key))
            l.append(str(node.i))
        return "_".join(l)

    def __hash__ (self):
        # Used as a key in a python dictionary.
        return self.__str__().__hash__()

    def __eq__ (self, other):
        # Used as a key in a python dictionary.
        # Nodes are equivalent if they have identical arcs, and each identical arc leads to identical states.
        return self.__str__() == other.__str__()

    def sortArcs (self, dValOccur):
        "sort arcs of node according to <dValOccur>"
        self.arcs = collections.OrderedDict(sorted(self.arcs.items(), key=lambda t: dValOccur.get(t[0], 0), reverse=True))

    def sortArcs2 (self, dValOccur, lArcVal):
        "sort arcs of each node depending on the previous char"
        self.arcs = collections.OrderedDict(sorted(self.arcs.items(), key=lambda t: dValOccur.get(lArcVal[t[0]], 0), reverse=True))

    # VERSION 1 =====================================================================================================
    def convToBytes1 (self, nBytesArc, nBytesNodeAddress):
        """
        Convert to bytes (method 1).

        Node scheme:
        - Arc length is defined by nBytesArc
        - Address length is defined by nBytesNodeAddress
                                       

        |                Arc                |                         Address of next node                          |
        |                                   |                                                                       |
         /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\
         | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
         \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/
         ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
         ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
         ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
         [...]
         /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\
         | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
         \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/
         ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
         ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
         ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
          ^ ^
          | |
          | |
          |  \___ if 1, last arc of this node
           \_____ if 1, this node is final (only on the first arc)
          ┃ ┃
          ┃ ┃
          ┃ ┗━━━ if 1, last arc of this node
          ┗━━━━━ if 1, this node is final (only on the first arc)
        """
        nArc = len(self.arcs)
        nFinalNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-1)
        nFinalArcMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-2)
        if len(self.arcs) == 0:
            val = nFinalNodeMask | nFinalArcMask
            by = val.to_bytes(nBytesArc, byteorder='big')
            by += (0).to_bytes(nBytesNodeAddress, byteorder='big')
            return by
        by = b""
        for i, arc in enumerate(self.arcs, 1):
            val = arc
            if i == 1 and self.final:
                val = val | nFinalNodeMask
            if i == nArc:
                val = val | nFinalArcMask
            by += val.to_bytes(nBytesArc, byteorder='big')
            by += self.arcs[arc].addr.to_bytes(nBytesNodeAddress, byteorder='big')
        return by
        
    def getTxtRepr1 (self, nBytesArc, nBytesNodeAddress, lVal):

    def getTxtRepr1 (self, nBytesArc, lVal):
        "return representation as string of node (method 1)"
        nArc = len(self.arcs)
        nFinalNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-1)
        nFinalArcMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-2)
        s = "i{:_>10} -- #{:_>10}\n".format(self.i, self.addr)
        if len(self.arcs) == 0:
            s += "  {:<20}  {:0>16}  i{:_>10}   #{:_>10}\n".format("", bin(nFinalNodeMask | nFinalArcMask)[2:], "0", "0")
            return s
        for i, arc in enumerate(self.arcs, 1):
            val = arc
            if i == 1 and self.final:
                val = val | nFinalNodeMask
            if i == nArc:
                val = val | nFinalArcMask
            s += "  {:<20}  {:0>16}  i{:_>10}   #{:_>10}\n".format(lVal[arc], bin(val)[2:], self.arcs[arc].i, self.arcs[arc].addr)
        return s

    # VERSION 2 =====================================================================================================
    def convToBytes2 (self, nBytesArc, nBytesNodeAddress):
        """
        Convert to bytes (method 2).

        Node scheme:
        - Arc length is defined by nBytesArc
        - Address length is defined by nBytesNodeAddress
                                       

        |                Arc                |                         Address of next node                          |
        |                                   |                                                                       |
         /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\
         | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
         \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/
         ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
         ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
         ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
         [...]
         /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\
         | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
         \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/
         ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
         ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
         ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
          ^ ^ ^
          | | |
          | |  \_ if 1, caution, no address: next node is the following node
          |  \___ if 1, last arc of this node
           \_____ if 1, this node is final (only on the first arc)
          ┃ ┃ ┃
          ┃ ┃ ┗━━ if 1, caution, no address: next node is the following node
          ┃ ┗━━━━ if 1, last arc of this node
          ┗━━━━━━ if 1, this node is final (only on the first arc)
        """
        nArc = len(self.arcs)
        nFinalNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-1)
        nFinalArcMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-2)
        nNextNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-3)
        if len(self.arcs) == 0:
            val = nFinalNodeMask | nFinalArcMask

            if (self.pos + 1) == self.arcs[arc].pos and self.i != 0:
                val = val | nNextNodeMask
                by += val.to_bytes(nBytesArc, byteorder='big')
            else:
                by += val.to_bytes(nBytesArc, byteorder='big')
                by += self.arcs[arc].addr.to_bytes(nBytesNodeAddress, byteorder='big')
        return by
        
    def getTxtRepr2 (self, nBytesArc, nBytesNodeAddress, lVal):

    def getTxtRepr2 (self, nBytesArc, lVal):
        "return representation as string of node (method 2)"
        nArc = len(self.arcs)
        nFinalNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-1)
        nFinalArcMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-2)
        nNextNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-3)
        s = "i{:_>10} -- #{:_>10}\n".format(self.i, self.addr)
        if nArc == 0:
            s += "  {:<20}  {:0>16}  i{:_>10}   #{:_>10}\n".format("", bin(nFinalNodeMask | nFinalArcMask)[2:], "0", "0")
            return s
        for i, arc in enumerate(self.arcs, 1):
            val = arc
            if i == 1 and self.final:
                val = val | nFinalNodeMask
            if i == nArc:
                val = val | nFinalArcMask
            if (self.pos + 1) == self.arcs[arc].pos  and self.i != 0:
                val = val | nNextNodeMask
                s += "  {:<20}  {:0>16}\n".format(lVal[arc], bin(val)[2:], "")
                s += "  {:<20}  {:0>16}\n".format(lVal[arc], bin(val)[2:])
            else:
                s += "  {:<20}  {:0>16}  i{:_>10}   #{:_>10}\n".format(lVal[arc], bin(val)[2:], self.arcs[arc].i, self.arcs[arc].addr)
        return s

    # VERSION 3 =====================================================================================================
    def convToBytes3 (self, nBytesArc, nBytesNodeAddress, nBytesOffset):
        """
        Convert to bytes (method 3).

        Node scheme:
        - Arc length is defined by nBytesArc
        - Address length is defined by nBytesNodeAddress
        - Offset length is defined by nBytesOffset
                                       

        |                Arc                |            Address of next node  or  offset to next node              |
        |                                   |                                                                       |
         /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\
         |1|0|0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
         \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/
         ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
         ┃1┃0┃0┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
         ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
         [...]
         /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\
         |0|0|1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |     Offsets are shorter than addresses
         \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ 
         /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\ /---------------\
         |0|1|0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
         \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/ \---------------/
         ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
         ┃0┃0┃1┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃     Offsets are shorter than addresses
         ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
         ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
         ┃0┃1┃0┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃
         ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

          ^ ^ ^
          | | |
          | |  \_ if 1, offset instead of address of next node
          |  \___ if 1, last arc of this node
           \_____ if 1, this node is final (only on the first arc)
          ┃ ┃ ┃
          ┃ ┃ ┗━━ if 1, offset instead of address of next node
          ┃ ┗━━━━ if 1, last arc of this node
          ┗━━━━━━ if 1, this node is final (only on the first arc)
        """
        nArc = len(self.arcs)
        nFinalNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-1)
        nFinalArcMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-2)
        nNextNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-3)
        nMaxOffset = (2 ** (nBytesOffset * 8)) - 1
        if nArc == 0:

                val = val | nNextNodeMask
                by += val.to_bytes(nBytesArc, byteorder='big')
                by += (self.arcs[arc].addr-self.addr).to_bytes(nBytesOffset, byteorder='big')
            else:
                by += val.to_bytes(nBytesArc, byteorder='big')
                by += self.arcs[arc].addr.to_bytes(nBytesNodeAddress, byteorder='big')
        return by
        
    def getTxtRepr3 (self, nBytesArc, nBytesNodeAddress, nBytesOffset, lVal):

    def getTxtRepr3 (self, nBytesArc, nBytesOffset, lVal):
        "return representation as string of node (method 3)"
        nArc = len(self.arcs)
        nFinalNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-1)
        nFinalArcMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-2)
        nNextNodeMask = 1 << ((nBytesArc*8)-3)
        nMaxOffset = (2 ** (nBytesOffset * 8)) - 1
        s = "i{:_>10} -- #{:_>10}  ({})\n".format(self.i, self.addr, self.size)
        if nArc == 0:

_dCharOrder = {
    # key: previous char, value: dictionary of chars {c: nValue}
    "": {}
}


def addWordToCharDict (sWord):
    "for each character of <sWord>, count how many times it appears after the previous character, and store result in a <_dCharOrder>"
    cPrevious = ""
    for cChar in sWord:
        if cPrevious not in _dCharOrder:
            _dCharOrder[cPrevious] = {}
        _dCharOrder[cPrevious][cChar] = _dCharOrder[cPrevious].get(cChar, 0) + 1
        cPrevious = cChar


def getCharOrderAfterChar (cChar):
    "return a dictionary of chars with number of times it appears after character <cChar>"
    return _dCharOrder.get(cChar, None)


def displayCharOrder ():
    "display how many times each character appear after another one"
    for key, value in _dCharOrder.items():
        print("[" + key + "]: ", ", ".join([ c+":"+str(n)  for c, n  in  sorted(value.items(), key=lambda t: t[1], reverse=True) ]))